Purpose: To investigate salivary parameters of caries susceptibility in men and women in order to identify potential variations due to sexual dimorphism. Materials and Methods: A total of 46 female and 24 male patients, aged 18-40 years, participated in this study. Unstimulated saliva was collected for the evaluation of flow rate, pH, secretory IgA, Snyder test scores, and Streptococcus mutans counts (confirmed by PCR assay). Statistical analysis included the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni tests, one-way ANOVA, and the Spearman correlation at a 5% significance level, followed by a general linear model and multiple linear regressions. Results: Female participants presented lower salivary pH values compared to males (p 0.05), and different patterns of correlation among salivary parameters were found in men (p 0.05) and women (p 0.001). When comparing the variables according to Snyder test scores in men and women, there was a significant difference for S. mutans levels in the male group, and for pH and IgA in the female group (p 0.05). Gender was found to be a predictor of salivary flow (R2 = 0.05; p 0.05) and pH (R2 = 0.16; p 0.001). In the female group, multiple regression showed several predictors for salivary flow rate, pH, IgA and Snyder test scores (p 0.05), whereas no predictor was found in the male group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Different salivary patterns were observed in men and women, thus the implications of such findings for caries susceptibility require further investigation. Schlagwörter: dental caries, gender, saliva