General dentists, as well as pediatric dentists, treat many children. Behavior management for children is an integral component of pediatric dental practice. Behavior management techniques have been developed based on empirical evidence indicating the importance of social learning theory to change both the causes and consequences of negative behaviors. This paper addresses the theoretical basis of current approaches in guiding children's behavior during dental settings. The relevance of the theoretical areas to the day-to-day treatment of the patient is emphasized.