Considerable knowledge has accumulated over the years on the structure and function of the dental pulp and dentin. Some of this knowledge has important clinical implications, but for some research findings the clinical involvement has yet to be demonstrated. This review will be limited to those parts of the normal structure and physiology of the pulp and dentin that have been shown to result in, or are likely lead to, tissue reactions associated with the clinical treatment of these tissues. Although certain normal structures will be highlighted in some detail, a basic knowledge of pulpal and dentinal development and structure is a prerequisite for an understanding of this text.