Purpose: To characterise the oral hygiene habits, attitudes, and oral health practices in relation to sociodemographic factors among refugees in Jordan and to investigate their impact on the oral health status of these refugees.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of two parts. First, a face-to-face interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire including demographic and oral health-related questions. Second, clinical oral examination was performed using WHO criteria, DMFT and oral health indices (OHI-S). The participants were adults, aged 18 and older. All patients attending dental clinics and accompanying personnel in the waiting areas at Zaatari camp during the study period were invited to participate, with a sample size of 547 refugees (males = 212, females = 335).
Results: 547 adult refugees participated. 75.3% reported toothbrushing less than twice daily, while flossing was uncommon (9.5%). Toothbrushing habits were significantly associated with gender and smoking status. Untreated carious lesions had a high incidence (94.1%); the mean number of decayed teeth was 5.4 and was statistically significantly higher in males and smokers. The mean number of missing teeth was 3.2 and was significantly associated with males, age, smoking, and presence of chronic disease. Participants who reported conditions that had persisted 1 year or more and required ongoing medical attention or limited activities of daily living or both (e.g. diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart diseases, thyroid disease, chronic renal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, peptic ulcer, or asthma) were recorded as having chronic disease. The mean number of filled teeth was 3.2 and was statistically significantly associated with age and presence of chronic disease. The mean DMFT was 11.8 and was statistically significantly higher in males, older people, smokers, and those with chronic disease. The OHI-S was 2.2. The most common complaint was pain (92.2%), and only 1.1% visited a dentist for a check-up.
Conclusion: The prevalence of caries was extremely high, with poor oral hygiene practices among refugees, justifying the urgent need to develop and implement targeted oral health promotion, preventive programs and curative strategies and to enable collaboration of the oral healthcare providers and funding agencies to design the most appropriate interventions for this disadvantaged population. In addition, this information can be used as a basis upon which preventive programs can be assessed for efficacy.