Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine whether a synthetic bioresorbable polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel membrane could provide similar clinical and radiographic outcomes as a standard collagen membrane, both in combination with a membrane-supporting material, during follow-up periods of 1 and 3 years. Materials and Methods: This study enrolled patients requiring implant treatment with an expected osseous defect in the posterior maxilla or mandible. Defects around the implants were grafted with deproteinized bovine bone mineral and covered with either a collagen membrane or a PEG hydrogel membrane, which is applied as a liquid and becomes a solid gel in situ. Surgical re-entry was performed after 6 months, and fixed partial dentures were inserted subsequently. Patients were examined clinically and radiographically 1 and 3 years after loading. Results: Thirty-six of the 37 included patients were reexamined in the third year. The implant survival rate at 3 years was 100%. The peri-implant tissues were healthy, with no differences between the two groups. Compared to the time of surgery, the mean changes in the distance between the first bone-to-implant contact to the transition point (ie, rough implant surface to polished neck portion) were 0.43 ± 0.56 mm (PEG) and 0.21 ± 0.36 mm (collagen) at 1 year and 0.61 ± 0.89 mm (PEG) and 0.33 ± 0.64 mm (collagen) at 3 years. The respective differences between groups were 0.13 mm (1 year) and 0.31 mm (3 years), which were not significant at either time point (analysis of covariance). Conclusion: The tested PEG hydrogel was as successful as a standard collagen membrane for the treatment of bony dehiscence defects around dental implants after follow-up periods of 1 and 3 years. Keywords: bone substitute, dental implant, graft material, guided bone regeneration, membranes, randomized controlled trial