Purpose: The objective of this study was to histologically evaluate and compare the effects of the permeability of shields on bone augmentation in a rabbit calvarial model. Materials and Methods: Twelve adult male Japanese white rabbits were used for the study. Each received four titanium cylinders, which were placed into perforated slits made in the outer cortical bone of the calvaria and filled with autologous iliac bone. The tops of the cylinders were randomly covered with the following test materials: (1) uncovered (control), (2) a titanium mesh, (3) an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membrane, or (4) a titanium plate. After 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and ground sections were obtained for histomorphometric analysis. Results: There was no significant difference in augmented bone volume among all groups. However, the distribution of augmented bone in the cylinders differed among the groups. In the uncovered control, there was significantly less augmented bone in the upper third of the cylinder than in the middle or lower thirds. Findings were similar for the titanium mesh group and the e-PTFE membrane group, with significantly less augmented bone in the upper third than in the middle or lower thirds. In the titanium plate group, there was no significant difference in augmented bone among the upper, middle, and lower thirds. The differences among the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the cylinder were smaller in the order of titanium plate, e-PTFE membrane, titanium mesh, and uncovered control. Conclusion: The use of low-permeability shields resulted in small differences in the distribution of bone structure in the present bone augmentation model.