Oral mucositis is a frequently occurring and debilitating complication of cancer therapy. Many treatments have already been discussed regarding the management of this condition, but some reports show little evidence supporting the effectiveness of some of these interventions. The role of the general practitioner in the prevention and management of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced mucositis is critical. The general practitioner must collaborate with the oncologist, and the oncologist must consult with the patient's general practitioner to ensure comprehensive treatment of this condition. Working knowledge of the vast number of substances used for the treatment of oral mucositis is mandatory for health care providers. This article presents a concise and updated review of the types of therapies used for cancer treatment-induced oral mucositis, providing clearly defined guidelines for the general practitioner.