International Poster Journal of Dentistry and Oral Medicine, 01/2019

Plasma cell gingivitis is a rare, benign inflammatory condition of unknown aetiology. It is said to be a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction to the irritant. It is also known as atypical gingivitis, plasmacytoma of gingiva, and plasma cell gingivostomatits. It requires histological and haematological investigations to confirm the diagnosis. Keywords: Plasma cell gingivitis, atypical gingivitis

Introduction: Dentine hypersensitivity is a transient condition that often resolves with the natural sclerotic obturation of dentinal tubules. A potent topically-applied in-office desensitizing treatment is indicated as the choice of treatment when dentine hypersensitivity is localized to one or two teeth. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical efficiency of gluma desensitizer, and chitosan glutraldehyde hydrogel in treating dentinal hypersensitivity. Methods: 30 patients aged 18-65 years with 60 teeth with dentinal hypersensitivity in relation to canines, premolars and molars with erosion, abrasion, and gingival recession were randomly assigned to two groups: the chitosan hydrogel group and gluma group. Response to air jet and tactile stimuli were measured using a visual analogue scale initially, after the intervention, and a final assessment was done on the 15th day. The data were analysed using students paired T- test for inter group comparisons and repeated measure of ANOVA for intra group comparison at different time intervals. (P 0.05 was considered statistically significant). Results: There was a significant reduction in VAS scores from baseline to the 15th day of measurement in both the groups; results are not significant, but at different time intervals, chitosan hydrogel has also shown a significant reduction of pain perception (P 0.001). Conclusion: Both the test groups were effective in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity, although they differed in rapidity of action over the period of 15 days. As the chitosan hydrogel showing significant results, its use in commercial products can be encouraged, as it is a bio-compatible material with fewer adverse effects. Further studies can be done using chitosan hydrogel at different concentrations and techniques for better results. Keywords: Dentinal hypersensitivity, tactile stimulation, visual analogue scale, chitosan hydrogel

Introduction: Dentistry is evolving to encompass the stomatognathic system, which includes the muscles and temporomandibular joints, apart from the mouth and teeth. This system plays a vital role in achieving a good occlusion. Many disease processes manifest with similar and overlapping symptoms owing to extensive anatomic, physiologic, and biomechanical interactions. Successful treatment of these individuals relies on accurate diagnoses. Neuromuscular dentistry (NMD) is the new approach to the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Objectives: To review the newer perspectives/concepts in the diagnosis and clinical management of TMD. Methodology: This review looks at recent evidence by conducting a systematic review of literature. The search was conducted in the PubMed and Cochrane library databases from 2000-2016. A total of 625 references were selected, and after applying selection criteria, 35 articles were included in the review. The selected articles focused on various approaches to the diagnosis and management of TMD. Results: After reviewing, it was observed that conventional radiography is ineffective in TMD diagnosis. The present diagnostic gold standard is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Electromyography (EMG), echo sonography (ESG), and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can serve as an adjunct research tool but not as a diagnostic tool. The therapeutic effects of the same are controversial. There is limited evidence on therapeutic effects of self-care, surgical intervention, and physical and behavioural therapy. Non-invasive therapy has shown potential, especially occlusal and mandibular position readjustment which maintained neuromuscular harmony. Conclusion: TMD's are complex, biopsychological, chronic illnesses with a high therapy response rate. However, a lack of patient-based outcome measures limit the evidence, and there is a need for standardised, reproducible and high evidence-based diagnostic and treatment measures in the management of these disorders. NMD is a good base on which the understanding and management of TMD continues to be developed. Keywords: neuromuscular occlusion, temperomandibular disorders, diagnosis, tretament tools

Aim: The aim of this study is to verify whether there are morphological differences in the soft tissue profile between individuals submitted to orthodontic-orthognathic treatment and individuals belonging to an aesthetically ideal population. Materials and methods: A total of 578 young Portuguese adults of both genders who attended the Institute of Orthodontics of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra were submitted to an examination, and after applying the inclusion criteria previously defined for this study, only 55 were considered for the control group. In this ideal population sample (mean age 22.6 years), lateral cephalograms were obtained in the natural head position and centric occlusion. The sample of the population submitted to orthodontic-orthognathic treatment consisted of 20 young adults (mean age of 22.75 years) who successfully underwent orthodontic-orthognathic treatment of dento-skeletal Class III. The cephalometric analysis was performed using Dolphin Imaging Software/32 (High Quality Digital Imaging Software for Orthodontics, Cosmetics and Medical Imaging, version 8.0.6.12 of Dolphin Imaging Systems Inc., USA), and the cephalometric points were used mainly from the cephalometric atlas of Miyashita and Dixon (1996). For the statistical analysis of the obtained data, a Student's t distribution was used and a significance level 0.05 was adopted; therefore a confidence level of 95% was considered. Results: Among the variables that represent the upper and middle thirds of the face, only TVL: UL (True Vertical Line: Upper Lip) characterize the upper lip in the posterior-anterior plane. These variables were significantly different between the two populations (α=0.05). In the lower third of the face the variables are almost all significantly different between the populations (α ≤0.05). Conclusions: If the cephalometric norms obtained in this study are accepted as the ideal for the Portuguese population, then orthodontic and/or orthodontic-orthognathic interventions based on dento-skeletal norms are not enough to obtain good facial aesthetics. Keywords: Cephalometric norms, orthodontic-orthognathic interventions, soft tissue positioning, facial aesthetics

FNAB is a fast, cost effective, non-invasive tool for initial diagnostic planning of neoplastic diseases. Inadequate technical procedure may yield a low-quality smear, with artifacts such as thick smear, contamination, improper/delayed fixation, low cellularity, and cell disruption. This prevents adequate morphological analysis. liquid block cytology (LBC) and cell block (CB) can be used as adjunct techniques for cytological examination. LBC consists of immediate wet cell fixation with automated slide preparation, whereas CB is prepared from the residual cytological sample. LBC is helpful for studying cell details, whereas the evaluation of glandular architecture relies indirectly on the morphology of cell clumps. CB can maintain cell morphology and tissue architecture and thus could be a useful complementary diagnostic tool to FNAB for definitive diagnosis. The aim of this poster is to highlight the LBC and CB techniques as an adjunct diagnostic tool to FNAB. Keywords: Liquid Block Cytology (LBC), Cell Block (CB), FNAB, novel diagnostic techniques

International guidelines recommend a first dental visit by the infant's first birthday. Despite these recommendations, current evidence indicates that infants are not attending the dentist at an optimal age. In order to understand the barriers and facilitators to early oral healthcare in Ireland, the current study aimed to elucidate whether dentists are aware of these recommendations and what care should be provided at this first visit. A validated 10-item questionnaire was distributed to a representative sample of non-paediatric dentists (non-PDs) and paediatric dentists (PDs) practicing in Ireland. Compared to all PD respondents, 59% of non-PDs believed that the first dental visit should occur by age 1. Furthermore, non-PDs provided the same care as PDs at the infant dental visit, with the exception of evaluating for fluoride needs and placing fluoride varnish. The main barrier to early oral healthcare was found to be parents not requesting dental appointments for their infants. Therefore, it is recommended that Irish undergraduate dental programs incorporate clinical training regarding the infant dental visit and emphasise fluoride varnish application. Additionally, a nationwide health promotion initiative is indicated to inform parents of the importance of a dental visit by age 1. Lastly, future research should focus on dentists' opinions regarding the current guidance as well as uncovering other significant barriers to infant access to timely dental care. Keywords: Paediatric dentistry, infant dental visit, infant's oral health, fluoride, first dental visit, infant dental exam, fluoride varnish, prevention

Introduction: Child Oral Impact on Daily Performance Index (C-OIDP) assesses the impact of oral health problems on children's daily activities. Objective: The study examines the correlation between Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) and dental status among schoolchildren in a non-urban region of south-western Tanzania. Material and Methods: The clinical trial was carried out among school children in Ilembula. A Kiswahili version of the C-OIDP inventory was completed. Further, an oral examination was carried out, in which a mirror, dental probe, and flashlight were used to determine the caries prevalence and the oral hygiene. Results: 162 schoolchildren participated in the study (70 female, 92 male, age 12.30 ± 0.57 years, range 12-14 years). 96.30% of the subjects had experienced one problem with their mouths or teeth within the last 3 months. In 23.08% physiological dentition was the most common problem. 11.04% of the children complained about toothaches during this period. 66.03% had had one daily performance affected by their oral condition. The generic OIDP index differentiated between the proportion of subjects with (DMF/T > 0) or without (DMF/T = 0) carious lesions and with (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index [OHI-S] > 0) or without periodontal problems (OHI-S ≤ 1). Conclusion: C-OIDP index indicates a correlation between clinical oral health and the subjectively perceived impairment of the quality of life. An OHRQoL trial applying C-OIDP is a useful and important tool giving a comprehensive picture of the oral health situation in Ilembula. Further studies should document the course over several years. Keywords: Child Oral Impact on Daily Performance Index, Oral Health Related Quality of Life caries incidence, Tanzania, epidemiology

Introduction: Dental care facilities are rarely located in rural Tanzanian areas and do not meet the standard of western industrial nations. Objective: The aim of the study is to record the oral health situation of the local population of a non-urban region of Tanzania. Material and Methods: Two cohorts were examined. The first cohort comprises 164 children and adolescents (age 12.34 ± 0.66 years, range 12 to 16 years; 71 female, 93 male). In the second cohort 109 study participants with a minimum age of 18 years were included (age 34.09 ± 12.49 years, 65 female, 44 male). Participants were examined in schools and at the dental clinic in Ilembula. Clinically, DMF/T index, edentulous arches, oral hygiene index (OHI-S), and Angle classification were recorded. General conditions, eating habits, socioeconomic factors, and oral hygiene habits were surveyed. Results: DMF/T index of the adults was 2.93 ± 4.23 (female 3.66 ± 3.98, male 1.93 ± 4.38) and for children and adolescents 0,22 ± 0.58 (female 0.31 ± 0.71, male 0.16 ± 0.44). In addition to neutral occlusion (66.67%), there was an increased incidence of Angle III (23.81%). The oral hygiene index was 1.18 ± 0.94. Discussion and Conclusion: Compared to western countries, the prevalence of caries in Ilembula is not increased. However, caries usually remains untreated, which is reflected in higher tooth loss rates. In both age cohorts, a significantly higher DMF/T was found in female subjects. Further studies should follow to document the course over several years. Keywords: caries incidence, Tanzania, general oral health, epidemiology

Introduction: Traumatic dental injuries often occur to the teeth and their supporting tissues, and they are the main reasons for emergency visits to a dental clinic. Horizontal root fractures usually are characterised by a fracture line that is perpendicular to the long axis of the root. Root fractures are diagnosed through clinical and radiographic examination. Treatment depends on the position of the fracture and the extent of root involvement as well as correct diagnosis, clinical management, and radiographic follow-up. This article describes the successful management of intra alveolar horizontal root fracture. Case Presentation: A 21-year-old male patient reported with the chief complaint of pain, mobility & extrusion of teeth in the upper front region of the jaw. On the basis of clinical and radiographic findings, a diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis with horizontal root fracture in relation to upper central incisor was made. The treatment plan was comprised of reduction, semi rigid splinting, and endodontic treatment with MTA of only the coronal fragment. At recall visits, teeth were asymptomatic and responded normally to palpation and percussion. The patient was reviewed at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Conclusion: The primary purpose of the treatment of fractured tooth is to keep the tooth steady and, when it's possible, vital. Adopting an appropriate treatment strategy by using material like MTA for treatment of horizontal fractures at the middle third can result in optimum healing and prolonged retention of the teeth, which would otherwise require extraction. Keywords: Mid root, horizontal root fracture, MTA